英语高中语法技巧总结 第1篇
一、分词的基本概念
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己 的宾语、表语、状语等。
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:
1. 在语态上,现在分词表示主动的意思,而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思: the moving body(运动着的物体):the moved body(被移动的物体)。
示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的;而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态,即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作:
I saw someone opening the door.
I saw the door opened.
二、分词作定语
分词或分词短语作定语,通常是说明句子中名词的,但有时也说明代词one(ones),that (those),some,others,anything,something等:
The girl in the next room is his sister.
Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past(说明those)
1. 现在分词作定语
1) 表示正在进行的动作(变为定语从句时常用进行时态):
The man standing(=Who is standing)at the door is our new maths teacher.
2) 表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态(变为定语从句时常用一般时态):
They visited the museum lying(=which lies)nearby .
语。例如:
People wishing (= who wished)to see the film star had waited two hours outside the
cinema.
4) 除以上情况外,用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如:
The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.
2. 过去分词短语作定语
1) 意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生:
Is this book written by the young man? A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.
3) 动词wish,want,hope,know,think,believe,expect的现在分词短语常可用作定2. 在时间关系上,一般来说,现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程,即它所表没有一定的时间性:
I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
3. 作定语时的位置
1) 单个分词作定语,常置于被说明的词之前,不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征: The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.
2) 单个分词作定语,有时放在被说明的词之后,用来强调动作:
We have had good harvests for many years running. (我们连续多年获得丰收。)
3) 分词短语作定语时,通常位于被说明的词之后
三、分词作状语
分词及分词短语作状语,通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末,一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件;放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。
1. 现在分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。
1) 作时间状语,相当子when等引起的从句:
Seeing those pictures(=When he saw those pictures),he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.
Having done their homework(=After they had done/did their homework),they went
swimming in the lake.
如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,也常用when或while加分词这种结构: He got to know them while attending a meeting in London.
Being so poor in those days( =As they were so poor),they couldn't afford to send the
children to school.
Not having received an answer(=As she hadn’t received an answer),she wrote another
1etter to her parents.
必须注意:being短语作状语时,通常表示原因,意为“由于某某是„”,不能理解
为“当„的时候”。
3) 作结果状语:
They opened fire,killing one of our villagers.
2. 过去分词短语作状语,句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。
1) 作时间状语,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:
Seen from the hill (=When it is seen from the hill),our town looks 1ike a beautiful
garden.
2) 作原因状语,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:
Born into a poor family(=As he was born in a poor family),he got only two years of school education.
3) 说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况:
Built in 1891, the building is over 100 years Old .
四、分词作宾语补足语
2) 作原因状语,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:
1. see/hear/watch/notice√smell/feel/observe/listen to/look at+宾语+现在分词: We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned. At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.
2. catch/find+宾语+现在分词:
I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.
We found a tree lying across the road.
3. have/get/keep/leave+宾语+现在分词:
I'll have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right?
Do you think you can get the radio working?
4. have+宾语+过去分词:其中have有三个不同的含义:
1) “使„被完成”(常可用get代替have):
I'd like to have (get) my radio repaired
2) “遭受”、“经历”(不能用get代替):
He had his watch stolen yesterday.
3) “有、拥有”:
He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.
5. make + oneself + known/understood/heard等过去分词:
He repeated explanations,but he couldn't make himself understood.
6. with+介词宾语+现在分词或过去分词:
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
With the tree growing tall,we get more and more shade.
7. like/want/wish/order/+宾语+过去分词
He won't like such questions discussed in his house.
8. find或think、feel等+宾语+changed/lost/gone/broken/come等过去分词(说明宾
语所处的状态):
We found him greatly changed. When they entered the hall, they found the guests gone. 以上有些结构可变为被动语态,其补语形式依然不变,起主语补语的作用。
五、现在分词的完成式
其形式为:having done(主动形式),表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前: Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
六、现在分词的被动式
其形式为:(以do为例)being done(一般式),having been done(完成式)。
在表示一个被动动作时,如果这动作是现刻正在进行的,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的,常用现在分词的被动式。这种形式可以用来:
1. 作定语:
This is one of the experiments being carried (= which are being carried) on in our lab.
2. 作状语:
Being asked to sing a song,he couldn't very well refuse.
间或用完成被动式:
The decision having been made,the next problem was how to put it into practice. (分词本身带逻辑主语the decision而构成独立主格结构充当状语)
3. 作宾语补足语:
You'll find the news being talked about everywhere.
七、不及物动词的过去分词
不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义,而是表示主动的完成的意义:
Gone are the days when we use foreign oil.
(此句是倒装句结构,gone作表语,表示己“一去不复返了”。)
You can see some fallen leaves at the corner.
这类过去分词常见的有:fallen,come,gone, risen, grown up,returned等.
象interesting和interested一类的“使役动词”的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下区分:
1. 一部分表示“情感”,“心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人/使人„的”意思,常用
来说明人或事物的特征:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
2. 它们的过去分词有“感到/觉得 „”的意思,用来指人的感觉:
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有:encouraging — encouraged; exciting— excited;interesting — interested;astonishing — astonished;disappointing — disappointed;inspiring — inspired;puzzling — puzzled;surprising — surprised;shocking — shocked;discouraging — discouraged;pleasing — pleased;tiring - tired;worrying — worried;satisfying — satisfied;moving — moved; 八、容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
英语高中语法技巧总结 第2篇
高中英语语法总结
一、不定冠词
不定冠词a,an与one同源,表示微弱的一的概念,但并不强调数目,用来表示不确定的人或事物。
A用在辅音前,而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前,而不是元音字母前。
a university in Asia
1.表示同类中的任何一个
A cat has nine lives.
2.表示泛指的某人、某物
I know a John Lennon,but not the famous one.
3.表示数量的
He has a daughter.
4. 表示单位数量的每一
I earn 10 dollars an hour.
5.表示相同的
The two birds are of a color.
6. 用于集体名词前
He grows up in a large family.
7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前
China has a long history.
二、定冠词的用法
1.表示特定的人或物
2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物
主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。 The sun,the moon,the earth
3.表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处
1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。 In spring 在春天
2) 具体某年的某个季节,需用冠词。 In the summer of the year
3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second
4)用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the poor
5)用于复数姓氏前,表示―夫妇‖或全家 The Smiths
6)用于乐器名词前 Play the piano
7)用于by+the+计量单位名词 By the pound
1. 用于复数名词前
复数名词泛指某类人或物时,其前通常用零冠词。 Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。 复数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。 The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。
2. 用于不可数名词前
不可数名词表示泛指时,其前通常用零冠词。如: Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。
Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。 不可数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。
He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。
3.用于专有名词前
在通常情况下,专有名词前要用零冠词。如:
Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。 在特殊情况下,若专有名词需要特指,也可加定冠词。如: The Smith you‘re looking for no longer lives here.
4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前
有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动,其前通常零冠词。 Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。
She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。
这类主要涉及bed, church, class, college, school, university, work, hospital, prison, market, sea, town等。另外,这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如:―住院‖在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital,而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital;类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。
5. 用于职务及头衔前
当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时,其前通常用零冠词。如: Wilson became President of the U. S. A. 威尔逊当了美国总统。 He will be made captain of the football team. 他将被选为足球队队长。
6. 在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节假日、星期等名词前,通常用零冠词。
We are all interested in physics. 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。
7. 用于某些固定结构中
go to sea 去当水手 at home 在家 at night 在晚上 at least 至少
at most 至多 at first 首先 at last 最后 in bed 在床上
on foot 步行 face to face 面对面
第二章 代词
高考中对代词的考查主要集中在人称代词(主要是其中的it)、关系代词、指示代词和不定代词上。
一、it的用法 1.作人称代词
John likes playing Ping pong./ He always does it in the afternoon.(指代上下文提到的事物); /It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer./ It's very quiet at the moment.(可指时间、天气、环境等) 2.引导词
A.作形式主语,代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
It's important for us to learn a second language./ It's no use talking to him./ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun.
B.作形式宾语,代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
We feel it our duty to help others./ He made it clear that he would leave the city. C.强调结构:It is (was) +被强调部分+that (或who)…
注意:在强调结构中,如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语,其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where,而应用that 。在复习中,一定要注意句式的不同。 It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar.(that引起强调句) It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar.(where引起定从)
It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there.(when引起时间状语从句) It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there.(that 引起强调句)
3. it,one,that 的区别:作为代词,这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。 —Why don't we take a little break? —Didn't we just have __________?
The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in.
one 用以指代同类事物中的任一,that 特指性强,指代可数与不可数词,而it指代上文提过的同一事物。
二、关系代词
who,whose,whom,which,that,as
1)which可以引导非限定性定语从句,代表前面整个句子的内容,并且在从句中做主语 2)that的用法 1)不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。
举例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
3) as的用法
AS作关系代词,用来引导定语从句:限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句
AS引导限制性定语从句时,通常和such, the same, as(so)等连用,构成such...as/such as, the same...as/the same as, as(so)...as等结构,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。
as意为―...的那种...,像那样的‖,such...as/such as引导限制性定语从句时,既可指人,也可指物。such用于名词之前时,具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时,具有代词性质。
Don‘t trust such men as praise you to your face.(as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。
You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。
Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。
same...as/the same as意为―与...同样的‖,和such一样,the same既有形容词作用,又有代词性质。
We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。
比较:the same...as和the same...that不同,前者是―同那一个相似‖,后者是―正是那一个‖。如:
This is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。
This is the same watch that I lost? 这正是我丢的那块表。
(so)...as意为―和...一样‖,后接由many, much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词,注意其语序为as(so)+adj.+a+n+as,如: It‘s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。
As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。
注意:such ...as与such...that ,so...as与 so...that的区别: that是连词,引出结果状语从句,在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词,引出定语从句,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。比较: He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes.
It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout.
二、AS引导非限制性定语从句
AS引导非限制性定语从句时,通常指的不是主句中的某一个名词(先行词),而是指整个主句表达的内容,对主句所作的陈述进行附加说明,意为―这...,如...或正如...‖。这种从句可位于主句之前,之中或之后。
As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China. Taiwan, as we all know, belongs to China. Taiwan belongs to China, as we all know. 注意下面的习惯用法:
as is well discussed 正如已讨论过的
as is often said 正如通常所说 as is often the case 通常就是这样 as has been pointed 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as often happens 如同经常所发生的那样 as might be expected正如所料 as is well known to all众所周知
在多数情况下,从句中的谓语助动词可以省略 as explained before 如前面所解释的 as mentioned above 如前面所提到的 as shown in the figure 如图所示 as seen from the table 从表中可以看出 as already discussed 正如已讨论过的 三、不定代词
一) . some 与 any 的用法
1. some 用于肯定句以及表示建议或期待得到肯定回答的问句。修饰单数名词时,意为某个。如:
I have some questions about the assignment. (希望得到肯定答复)。
2. any 用于否定句和疑问句时,表示一些。用于肯定句时,只和单数名词或不可数名词连用,表示任何。如:
The medicine is on sale every where. You can get it at any chemist?s. 二) . each 与 every 的用法
1. each 强调个体,表示两个或两个以上中的每一个,在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如:
There are trees and flowers at each side of the road.
2. every 强调整体,表示三者或三者以上中的每一个,只能作定语,不能说 every of them ,要说 every one of them .
Every student in our class works hard. 三 . no one 与 none 的用法
1. no one 意为没有人,只能指人,不能指物,不可与介词 of 连用,谓语动词用单数形式,回答 who 引导的问句。如: Who is in the classroom? No one.
2. none 既可指人,也可指物,强调数量,意为一点也不,一个也不;谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数;常与 of 连用,通常指三者以上的人或物中没有一个,回答 how much 和 how many 引导的问句。如:
They were all tired, but none of them would stop to have a rest. 四 . other, another, others, any other, the other 的用法
1. other 表示泛指,意为另外的、其它的。常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有 the, this, some, any, each, every, no, one 以及形容词性物主代词时,其后就可接单数名词。如: I have no other place to go.
2. another 常用于指三者或三者以上中的另外一个,泛指单数。可单独使用,也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词,则表示又、再、还。如: This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one)。 We need another three assistants in our shop.
3. others :它是 other 的复数形式,表示泛指,意为别的人或物,但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词;前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。如: He has more concern for others than for himself.
4. any other 表示一个之外的其他任何一个,而不是两个之中的另一个。如: China is larger than any other country in Asia.
5. the other :表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用,也可接单数名词。如: No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.
五. all 与 both 的用法 均表示都,但 all 表示三者以上的人或物, both 则表示两个人或物。二者都表示肯定意义,如果与 not 连用时,则表示部分否定。
六 . neither 与 either 的用法 都可用于表示两个人或物。 neither 表否定意义,意为(两者中的每一个)都不;而 either 表肯定意义,意为(两者中的每一个)都。都可单独使用,也可同介词 of 连用。如: Both teams were in hard training; neither willing to lose the game. Do you want tea or coffee? Either. I really don't mind.
somebody和someone的区别
这两个字都是有人、某人的意思,一般可以通用,例如:Someone/Somebody must have told him.一定有人告诉了他。Somebody比someone较常用于口语。
someone用法
音标:bai英['s?mw?n]美['s?mw?n]
释义:pron. 有人,某人
tease someone开某人玩笑
Complimenting Someone称赞时;称誉时
Contradicting Someone反驳他人时;批驳别人时
someone pron某人;有人;或人;有名气的人
Someone Painting有人正在画画
1、Someone ripped off my wallet.
有人偷了我的钱夹子。
2、Someone came out with a most useful suggestion.
有人提出了一个非常有益的建议。
3、Hearing someone come in, he hid himself behind the curtain.
听见有人进来了,他一闪身藏在了窗帘的后面。
4、Someone stole a painting from the museum.
有人从博物馆盗走了一幅画。
5、Do you hear someone holler?
你听到有人在喊叫吗?
2somebody用法
音标:英['s?mb?d?]美['s?mb?di]
释义:
n. 大人物;重要人物
pron. 有人;某人
Grab Somebody
summon somebody召集某人
molest somebody非礼
call somebody给某人打电话
1、I heard somebody skirling.
2、Somebody is knocking on the window.
wish跟从句一定要用虚拟吗
wish一般是用虚拟的。但是有时候也不用,当你觉得wish的内容不是那么遥不可及的时候就不用虚拟了。可以用一般语气,也可以用虚拟,看强调哪方面。
wish的用法
1、用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。
其宾语从句的动词形式为:真实状况wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时(be的过去式为were)从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时(had + 过去分词)将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形。
I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。
2、Wish to do表达法。Wish sb / sth to doI wish to see the manager. = I want to see the wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。
注意:
在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用“were”,不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你,就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。
英语高中语法技巧总结 第3篇
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定。例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2. 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如:
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如:
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词do 的用法
1)构成一般疑问句。例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2)do + not 构成否定句。例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句。例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5)用于倒装句。例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代动词。例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?
4. 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
5.助动词should, would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:“What shall I do next week?” I asked. “我下周干什么?”我问道。
可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:“I will go,” he said. 他说:“我要去那儿。”变成间接引语,就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
6. 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1)动词+副词,如:black out;
2)动词+介词,如:look into;
3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
英语高中语法技巧总结 第4篇
一、动名词作主语
1. 一般置于句首:
Reading English is easier than speaking it.
2. 有时也可以用it作形式主语,而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。 It will be nice seeing them again.
这类句子结构常见的还有:
1) It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt milk.
2) It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first success. 3) Is it any good…? Is it any good trying to exp1ain? 4) It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about it. 3. 动名词还可以在There is no„句子结构中做主语: There is no asking him to come is busy.
这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语,其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do„
二、动名词作表语
连系动词常与动名词连用,一起构成复合谓语:
Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist country. 1. 作动词宾语:
This factory has stopped producing the old type of engine.
必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有:consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,excuse,finish, give up,cannot help(禁不住),imagine,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,suggest,
三、动名词作宾语
pardon,stop,allow,permit,forbid,appreciate等。
2. 作介词宾语:
在介词后面,常常用动名词作宾语,这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语 There are several ways of doing it.(定语) After finishing the experiments, we wrote down the results.(状语) 这样的介词短语间或作表语: I am for putting the meeting off.
须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多,最常见的有:Insist on, think of dream of hear of
prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, be engaged in, look forward to,depend on,
thank…for, feel like,excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…(in),waste…(in),
get/be used to,be fond of be afraid of, be tired of succeed in, be interested in, feel/be ashamed of, be proud of等。
四、动名词的逻辑主语:
动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格,来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。
1. 物主代词+动名词
这种结构可置于句首,也可放在句中或句末,常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语:
His going there won't do any harm(主语)
Do you think his going there will be of any help? (主语)
What's troubling them is their not having enough food.(表语)
They insisted on my staying there for dinner.(宾语)
2. 名词的所有格+动名词
其用法与“物主代词+动名词”相同:
We all thought Tom's going there a great mistake.
3. 人称代词宾格+动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)He was angry about me not having to
leave early.
4. 名词的普通格+动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)
I don't like young people smoking. 其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式
1) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西,就只能用普通格。
Is there any hope of your factory winning the game?
2) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组,也只能用普通格:
Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an order?
There is no chance of that being settled.
I’m sorry. I have no idea of it being midnight. 3) 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时,常用其宾格:
五、动名词的否定式
1. 一般式:not doing(主动形式):not being done(被动形式)
2. 完成式:not having done(主动形式);not having been done(被动形式)
注意:当动名词带有逻辑主语时,not应放在逻辑主语后面。如:his not seeing the film.
六、动名词的完成式
其形式为:(以do为例)having done(主动形式);having been done(被动形式)。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用其完成式: He was praised for having completed thirty years of teach.
但是在forget,remember,regret等动词和apologize for,excuse…for,thank…for等成语后, 经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式: I remember posting (=having posted) the letter.
Excuse me for coming (=having come) late 七、动名词的被动式
其形式为:(以do为例)being done(一般式);having been done(完成式)
当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象;当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动式(多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式): They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. This question is far from being settled.
英语高中语法技巧总结 第5篇
一. 动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态,但是常用的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时,现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。
1. 一般现在时的用法
1) 表示经常性,习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。
句子中常用often,usually,every day等时间状语。例如: He goes to school every day。(经常性动作) He is very happy.(现在的状态) The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。
If you come this afternoon,we'll have a meeting. When I graduate,I'll go to the countryside.
3) 有时这个时态表示按计划,规定要发生的动作,(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词如begin,come,leave,go,arrive, start,stop,return,open,close等。 The meeting begins at seven.
The train starts at nine in the morning. 在时。例如:
I like English very much.
2. 一般过去时的用法
4) 表示状态和感觉的动词,如be,like,, remember, find,sound等常用一般现
The story sounds very interesting.
1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。
He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.
I used to smoke. He worked in a factory in 1988. During the vacation I would swim in the sea. 2) 表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“used to”和“would+动词原形”。例如:
注意:used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to be used to+名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于„„’’。例如:
I am used to the climate here. He is used to swimming in winter.
3. 一般将来时的用法
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall + 动词原形”外,还有以下几种形式。
1) ―to be going to+动词原形‖,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如: It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.
2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days.
The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 3) ―be to + 动词原形‖表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。 Are we to go on with this work ?
跟时间状语。例如:
We are about to leave. I’m about to start out. He gets off at the next stop. 5) 某些词,如come,go,leave,arrive,start,get,stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 The meeting starts at five o'clock.
4. 现在进行时
1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,由“to be + 现在分词”构成,另外“系动词十
介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如:
What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.
2) 表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如:have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。
3) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态,但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是:a) 逐渐地。 b)
反复进行的动作。例如:
a) I’m beginning to understand it. (我慢慢开始明白了。)
b) The monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)
4) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可,但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较:
The Changjiang River flows to the east. (长江向东流。 客观现实)
The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. (长江滚滚东流。 赞叹)
Tom often lies to our teachers. (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)
Tom is always lying to our teacher. (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)
5. 过去进行时的用法
1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,由“was(were)十 现在分词”
构成。例如: In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in.
4) ―be about to+动词原形‖ 表示即刻发生的动作,意为:be ready to do sth.后面一般不
2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较:
Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (写了一封信)
Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (这封信或许还没有写完)
6. 现在完成时的用法
现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况:
1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。
He has gone to Wuhan.(说话人认为他不在该地) He has been to Wuhan.(说话人认为他在该地)
表示一段时间的状语或so far,now,today,this week(month,year)等表示包括现在 时间在内的状语。例如: He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 1985.
Now I have finished the work.
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。
3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。例如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning,we'll go to the park.
7. 过去完成时的用法
1) 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动
作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。例如:
By the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
或持续下去。例如:
Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.
8. 过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would。例如:
They were sure that they would succeed.
9. 现在完成进行时的用法
现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ been+现在分词”构成,表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词,如work,study,live,teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如: I have worked here for three years.
I have been working here for three years.
但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如:
I have written a letter.(己写完)
I have been wring a letter.(还在写)
注意:表示短暂动作的动词,如finish,marry,get up,come,go等不能用这种时态。
2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用for和since
2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间
二. 动词的语态
1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,
谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,时态通过be表现出来。例如:
1) 一般现在时:You are required to do this.
2) 一般过去时:The story was told by her.
3) —般将来时:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4) 现在进行时:The road is being widened.
5) 过去进行时:The new tool was being made.
6) 现在完成时:The novel has been read.
7) 过去完成时:He said that the work had been finished.
8) 过去将来时:He said that the trees would be planted soon.
2. 一些特殊的被动语态结构:
1) 带情态动词的被动结构:
The problem must be solved soon.
2) 带不定式的被动结构:
The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care.
例l)The baby is looked after carefully.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待,即要把它们看作单字及物动词。
这类结构有以下几种:
a) (不及物)动词+介词:agree to,ask for,call for,laugh at,listen to,look after,
operate on,send for,talk of等。
b) (及物)动词+副词:bring about,carry out,find out,give up,
hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, take up, think over,
turn down,turn out,wipe out,work out等。
c) 动词+副词+介词:do away with,face up to,give in to,look down upon, make up for,
put up with等。
例2)They will be taken (good) care of.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词+名词+介词”这一结构。如:catch sight of,keep an eye on,make use of,make a fool of,pay attention to, put an end to,set fire / light to, take care of, take hold of,take notice of等。
例2) 与例1) 的不同点在于,它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词+介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词+名词”作为“动词+宾语”的结构处理。
4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语,宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如:
We always keep the classroom clean. (比较:The classroom is always kept clean.)
3) 短语动词的被动结构:
5) 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示,例如:
据说„„ 希望„„ 据推测说„„ It is said that„ It is hoped that„ It is supposed that„ It must be admitted that„ It must be pointed out that„ It is well known that„ It will be said that„ It is generally considered that„
It is believed that„ 必须承认„„ 必须指出„„ 众所周知„„ 有人会说„„ 大家认为„„ 有人相信„„
3. 表示被动含义的主动动词
1) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look, taste, sound, smell,
prove, feel等, 例如:
Your reason sounds reasonable. The door won’t open. The book sells well. Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. It can’t move. These clothes wash easily. The dust has blown into the house. 2) 一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如: 3) 一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的动词, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例如: 4) 用在 ―主语 + 不及物动词 + 主语补语‖ 句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如: This material has worn thin.
4. 表示被动含义的主动结构
1) 在动名词结构中
be worth, want (=need), need, require后所用的动名词, 必须用主动结构表被动意义。
These young seedlings will require / need looking after (= need to be looked after) carefully. Your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut).
a) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系, 即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情
形最常出现在 ―There + be + 主语 + 修饰主语的不定式‖ 和 ―及物动词 + 宾语 (或双宾语) + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中, 特别是 ―主语 + have + 宾语 + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中。
Give him some books to read. He has a family to support. There is a lot of work to do. 当然, 这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式, 含义区别不大,例如: There is so much work to do / to be done. Give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted.
是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:
That question is difficult to answer. Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.
2) 在不定式结构中 b) 在―主语 + be + 形容词 + 不定式‖句型中, 有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语, 这在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被
动。然而,由于古英语的影响, 下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to let. A lot remains to do.
3) 在特殊结构中
a) ―be + under +名词‖ 结构:这种结构表示某事 ―在进行中‖。例如: The building is under construction.
The whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed).
经常这样用的名词还有repair (修理), treatment (治疗), question (质问)等。
b) ―be worthy of +名词‖结构: 在这一结构中, 名词和句子的主语有被动含义, 如: a man worthy of support nothing worthy of praise
此结构后通常用表示行为的名词, 而不用动名词的被动形式。
英语高中语法技巧总结 第6篇
一、语法教学的重要性
语法教学是英语教学的一个重要组成部分,肩负着培养语言技能和提高交际能力的任务。英语技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面,四者与语法都有密切的关系,语法具备生成力,学会一种语法规则可产生出无穷无尽的句子。那么,掌握语法是提高英语语言能力的重要途径。因此,在英语教学中必须重视语法教学,不断探索教学方法,提高语法教学质量,为提高英语教学的总体水平打下牢固的基础。
二、任务型教学与语法教学
任务型教学强调在“做中学,用中学”,即倡导教师根据教学内容,创造性地设计各种任务活动,让学生学会用英语做事,并在做事的过程中学习语言,形成综合运用语言的能力。
《普通高中英语课程标准》明确提到:“教师要引导学生主动学习,帮助他们形成以能力发展为目的的学习方式,鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作和探究等方式,发展听、说、读、写的综合语言技能。”“要为学生独立学习留有空间和时间,使学生有机会通过联想、推理和归纳等思维活动用英语分析问题和解决问题,获得经验,增强自信,提高能力。”“要通过设计丰富多彩的课内外学习活动,使学生在参与交际活动的过程中形成交际策略。”
然而,至今仍有部分教师固守传统的语法教学理念,将大量课堂时间用来讲解语法知识,忽视学生的主观能动性。上述做法与新课程的要求是背道而驰的。
因此,正确领会新课程精神,优化语法教学的方法,避免语法教学走极端,是英语语法教学改革的一个重要方面。下面我将结合一堂英语语法随堂课谈一点感悟。
三、两次语法教学实例的设计与反思
1.教学背景
(1)学情分析:
上课课型:高中英语随堂课—“倒装句”语法课
(2)教学内容分析:
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